It can be extended to process (random) broadband signals and to environments where the Lloyd's mirror theory is not valid.Human adults rely on both acoustic and linguistic information to identify adult talkers. Assuming favorable conditions, adult listeners recognize other adults fairly accurately and quickly. But how well can adult listeners recognize child talkers, whose speech productions often differ dramatically from adult speech productions? Although adult talker recognition has been heavily studied, only one study to date has directly compared the recognition of unfamiliar adult and child talkers [Creel and Jimenez (2012). J. Exp. Child Psychol. 113(4), 487-509]. Therefore, the current study revisits this question with a much larger and younger sample of child talkers (N = 20); performance with adult talkers (N = 20) was also tested to provide a baseline. In Experiment 1, adults successfully distinguished between adult talkers in an AX discrimination task but performed much worse with child talkers. In Experiment 2, adults were slower and less accurate at learning to identify child talkers than adult talkers in a training-identification task. Finally, in Experiment 3, adults failed to improve at identifying child talkers after three days of training with numerous child voices. Taken together, these findings reveal a sizable difference in adults' ability to recognize child versus adult talkers. Possible explanations and implications for understanding human talker recognition are discussed.Differences in odontocete biosonar emissions have been reported for animals with hearing loss compared to those with normal hearing. For example, some animals with high-frequency hearing loss have been observed to lower the dominant frequencies of biosonar signals to better match a reduced audible frequency range. https://www.selleckchem.com/TGF-beta.html However, these observations have been limited to only a few individuals and there has been no systematic effort to examine how animals with varying degrees of hearing loss might alter biosonar click properties. In the present study, relationships between age, biosonar click emissions, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), and hearing bandwidth were studied in 16 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of various ages and hearing capabilities. Underwater hearing thresholds were estimated by measuring steady-state AEPs to sinusoidal amplitude modulated tones at frequencies from 23 to 152?kHz. Input-output functions were generated at each tested frequency and used to calculate frequency-specific thresholds and the upper-frequency limit of hearing for each subject. Click emissions were measured during a biosonar aspect change detection task using a physical target. Relationships between hearing capabilities and the acoustic parameters of biosonar signals are described here and compared to previous experiments with fewer subjects.The present study examined whether second language (L2) learners can lexically encode the tonal contrasts that do not occur in their native language. Advanced Korean learners of Mandarin performed a lexical decision task with medium-term repetition priming. The repeated words were either identical or interchanged with confusable tones. The results showed that advanced L2 learners behaved similarly to the native listeners in processing of L2 tones in favor of the correct lexical items, but still showed differences from native listeners, suggesting that L2 learners may have difficulty in utilizing the L2 sounds for word recognition.This study examines the influence of an early lateral reflection on spatial perceptual attributes and speech reception. To this aim, a diffuse reflection is compared with a specular one. Although diffusive surfaces have widespread applications in room acoustics design, the knowledge of the perceptual and behavioral outcomes of these surfaces has yet to be fully developed. Two experiments were conducted to investigate how the reflection type, its temporal delay, and its azimuth affect spatial percepts (source distance, width, and focus) and speech intelligibility (SI) in diffuse stationary noise. The experimental setup included ecological elements field measurements, a speaker-like source directivity, and real flat and diffusive surfaces. The results indicate that the presence of a single diffuse reflection reduces the perceived distance of a frontal speech source and makes it clearer. SI is higher with a diffuse reflection than with a specular one. Perceptual and behavioral outcomes both depend on the angle of reflection given the frequency- and angular-dependent properties of the diffusing surface and the directivity of the speech source. The results are interpreted with reference to loudness and binaural cues and to the precedence effect. Implications of the findings for acoustic design are also discussed.Accurate estimates of acoustic absorption in seawater are crucial to the acoustic estimation of aquatic biomass. Estimates of acoustic absorption were obtained via a "pulse-echo" method, implemented using commonly available scientific echosounders and spherical calibration targets over a range of discrete frequencies. Below about 200?kHz, the absorption estimates were not significantly different from those of existing formulas, but at around 333?kHz, the measured absorption was 15?dB km-1 higher than estimated from existing formulas. Measurement variability was about ±2?dB km-1 for all frequencies. This is consistent with an observed anomaly between modelled and measured frequency-dependent biological backscatter. Allowing for this deviation will avoid incorrect spectral-based classification of acoustic targets and improve uncertainty in aquatic biomass estimation.Identifications of rotating sound sources are of interest in many industrial applications. The most famous beamforming to identify rotating sound source is the time-domain ROSI beamforming proposed by Sijtsma et al. (AIAA 2001-2167, 2001). Nowadays ROSI is still the unique widely recognized beamforming for array with arbitrary microphone configuration to identify rotating sound source. De-Dopplerisation is essential for beamforming to identify a moving sound source. This paper is devoted to the identification and elimination of the Doppler effect in ROSI. A non-zero source with a fundamental frequency may induce ghost contributions in ROSI at other scan points different from this source position, at all side band frequencies to the fundamental frequency with a modulation frequency equal to the rotation frequency. A rotational symmetry array with respect to rotation axis of sound source can be used to eliminate the ghost contributions in ROSI at side bands that are not non-zero integer multiples on the order of rotational symmetry with respect to the rotation axis of sound source of the array.